Figures

1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Types of Drainage Produced by Sulphide Mineral Oxidation

Figure 1-2: Overall ARD Management Plan

Figure 1-3: Applying an Environmental Management System to ARD

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Common Sulphides Known or Inferred to GenerateAcid when Oxidized (Plumlee, 1999)

Table 2-2: Typical NP Values and pH Buffering Ranges for Some Common Minerals (Jambor, 2003; Blowes et al., 2003; BCAMDTF, 1989)

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Roman Portal with Acid Rock Drainage – Spain

Figure 2-2: Generalized Conceptual Model of Sources, Pathways and Receiving Environment at a Mine or Processing Site

Figure 2-3: Ficklin Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Dissolved Base Metal Concentrations (Plumlee et al., 1999)

Figure 2-4: Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Sulphate Concentrations

Figure 2-5: Ficklin Diagram Showing Selected Principles that Govern Mine Water Quality (Plumlee et al., 1999)

Figure 2-6: The Global Sulphur Cycle (Stumm and Morgan, 1996). Global Fluxes in Millions Tons of Sulphur per Year and Inventories in Millions Tons of Sulphur

Figure 2-7: The Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle

Figure 2-8: Model for the Oxidation of Pyrite (Stumm and Morgan, 1981). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Section 2.6.4)

Figure 2-9: Schematic Illustration of Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates with and without Bacterial Mediation (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)

Figure 2-10: Stages in the Formation of ARD (Broughton and Robertson, 1992). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Chapter 2.6.4.)

Figure 2-11: Schematic Illustration of Factors that Affect Sulphide Oxidation and Modify Mine Drainage during Transport

Figure 2-12: Schematic Illustration of the Effect of Temperature on Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)

Figure 2-13: Two-Stage Process for Pyrite Oxidation in a Tailings Impoundment (Wunderly et al., 1996)

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

List of Tables

Table 3-1 : Risk Management Procedure for Mine Sites (modified from Lee, 1999)

Table 3-2: Integrating Risk Approach into ARD/ML Management

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List of Figures

Figure 3-1: Framework for ARD management

Figure 3-2: Hierarchical relationship between Global, National and Local Elements of the Framework

Figure 3-3: Conceptual ARD Management Framework

Figure 3-4: Sustainable Development Balance

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4.0 Defining the Problem – Characterization

List of Tables

Table 4-1: Mine Phase Objectives and Activities

Table 4-2: Characterization Activities by Mine Phase

Table 4-3: Source Material Characterization Activities by Mine Phase

Table 4-4: Geologic Characteristics of Mineral Deposits that Affect Their Environmental Signatures (Plumlee, 1999)

Table 4-5: Australian Guidance on Sample Numbers (Australian Government Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 2007)

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List of Figures

Figure 4-1: Characterization Chapter Road Map

Figure 4-2: Major Steps Involved in Extraction Metallurgy of Metals

Figure 4-3: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Pit during Operation and Closure

Figure 4-4: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in Underground Workings during Operation and Closure

Figure 4-5: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Waste Rock Pile

Figure 4-6: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Subaqueous Tailings Storage Facility

Figure 4-7: Typical Data Requirements of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM)

Figure 4-8: Source Material Geochemical Testing Program Components

Figure 4-9: Water Balance Box and Arrow Diagram

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5.0 Prediction

List of Tables

Table 5-1: Methods for Geochemical Characterization

Table 5-2: Geologists Observations and Logging of Core for ARD Analysis

Table 5-3: Example Chemistry Table

Table 5-4: Example ABA

Table 5-5: AP and NP of > 2 mm and < 2 mm waste rock particle size fractions (from Price, 2010)

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List of Figures

Figure 5-1: Generic Prediction Program Flowchart

Figure 5-2: Generalized Flowchart for the ARD Prediction Approach at Mine Sites (after Maest and Kuipers, 2005)

Figure 5-3: Conceptual Model Showing Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River

Figure 5-4: Flowchart for Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River

Figure 5-5: Schematic Illustration of Geochemical Characterization Program (modified from Maest and Kuipers, 2005)

Figure 5-6: Example Plot of NP from Total Carbon vs. NP from Modified Sobek

Figure 5-7: Example Plot of Total Sulphur vs. Sulphide Sulphur

Figure 5-8: ARD Rock Type Classification Plot Based on ABA and NAG Test

Figure 5-9: Example Plot of Metal Loadings vs. Sulphate Content

Figure 5-10: Humidity Cells

Figure 5-11: Example Plot of Kinetic Test Results

Figure 5-12: Wall Washing

Figure 5-13: Test Cells for Waste Rock

Figure 5-14: Test Plot for Paste Tailings – Somincor Neves Corvo Mine, Portugal

Figure 5-15: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Highwall Above Final Pit lake

Figure 5-16: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Wall after Cessation of Mining

Figure 5-17: Molar ratio of (Ca+Mg)/SO4 representing sample specific NPR values for two humidity cells

Figure 5-18: AP versus NP (from Price, 2010)

Figure 5-19: A decline in drainage pH resulting from the oxidation of ammonium (from Price, 2010)

Figure 5-20: An initial decline in seepage pH from exchange of cations in neutral mine drainage for H+ in acidic organic soils

Figure 5-21: Seepage pH versus time at the Island Copper Mine (from Morin and Hutt, 1997)

Figure 5-22: NNP versus NPR for a Proposed Cu-Au Mine (from Price, 2010)

Figure 5-23: Decision Tree for the Determination of Acid Generation Potential (AMIRA, 2002)

Figure 5-24: Example Plot of ABA Results and ARD Criteria

Figure 5-25: Generalized Model Process

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

List of Tables

Table 6-1: Forms of Codisposal

Table 6-2: Benefits and Considerations of Codisposal

Table 6-3: Benefits and Limitations of Alkaline Amendments

Table 6-4: Considerations and Limitations of Soil Covers

Table 6-5: Benefits and Disadvantages of Synthetic Covers

Table 6-6: Some Considerations for Subaqueous Disposal

Table 6-7: Summary of Prevention and Mitigative Measures and Climate Considerations

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List of Figures

Figure 6-1: Options and Effectiveness with Time (TEAM NT, 2004)

Figure 6-2: Waste Rock Pile Structure and Processes (Wilson, 2008b)

Figure 6-3: Adaptive Management Approach to Prevention and Mitigation of ARD

Figure 6-4: Adaptive Management Implementation by Phased Approach

Figure 6-5: Methods for Prevention and Mitigation of ARD

Figure 6-6: Coefficient of Diffusion versus Degree of Saturation for Saturated Porous Media (from Aubertin, 2005)

Figure 6-7: Example Waste Rock Encapsulation Strategy

Figure 6-8: Flow Chart for the Dry Cover Design Process (adapted from O’Kane and Wels, 2003)

Figure 6-9: Covers and Climate Types (from Holdridge et al., 1971)

Figure 6-10: Conceptual Illustration of Processes Affecting Long-Term Performance of Soil Covers (from INAP, 2003)

Figure 6-11: Sample Soil Covers Designs (from MEND, 2001)

Figure 6-12: Sample Configurations of Synthetics in Soil Covers

Figure 6-13: Conceptual Schematic of the Components of a Field Performance Monitoring System (from MEND, 2004a)

Figure 6-14: Subaqueous Tailings Disposal

Figure 6-15: Water Cover Processes

Figure 6-16: State of Solids during Deposition and Consolidation (L); Stage 4 Photo (R)

Figure 6-17: Schematic Plan View, TSF with Three Depositional Zones

Figure 6-18: Prevention and Mitigation Evaluation of Alternatives

Figure 6-19: Comparative Costs for Capillary Barrier Cover (CCBE), Complete and Partial Desulphurization and Water Cover (Bussiere and Wilson, 2006)

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7.0 Drainage Treatment

List of Tables

Table 7-1: Qualitative Comparison of Different Categories of Treatment

Table 7-2: Alkali Materials and Compounds Applied to ARD Treatment

Table 7-3: Comparative Table Different HDS Process Configurations

Table 7-4: Selection Criteria for Lime Neutralization Processes

Table 7-5: Theoretical Minimum Metal Hydroxide Solubility pH

Table 7-6: Criteria for Selecting an Appropriate Mine-Water Treatment Desalination Technology

Table 7-7: Generic Categories of Passive Treatment Systems

Table 7-8: Postulated Removal Mechanisms of Metals and Mining-related Pollutants in Passive Treatment Systems

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List of Figures

Figure 7-1: Generic Mine Water System Indicating Potential Position for a Drainage Treatment Facility

Figure 7-2: Generic Range of Drainage Treatment Technologies

Figure 7-3: Acid Drainage Decision Tree

Figure 7-4: Basic HDS Process Configuration

Figure 7-5: Relationship between Flow Rate and Treatment Plant Capital Cost

Figure 7-6: Integrated Limestone / Lime Neutralization Process

Figure 7-7: Simplified SAVMIN Process Diagram

Figure 7-8: Conceptual High Recovery Membrane Desalination Process

Figure 7-9: Concept SPARRO Process Flow Diagram

Figure 7-10: Conceptual GYPCIX®ion Exchange Treatment Process

Figure 7-11: Generic Biological Sulphate Removal Process Configuration

Figure 7-12: Periodic Table for Passive Treatment

Figure 7-13: Selection of Passive Treatment Technology Chart

Figure 7-14: Selection of Passive Treatment Technology Chart

Figure 7-15: Selected Passive Treatment Components

Figure 7-16: Anoxic Limestone Drain Design

Figure 7-17: Profile view of a reducing and alkalinity producing system

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8.0 Monitoring

9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Performance Assessment

List of Tables

Table 9-1: Mine Life Cycle Considerations for the Development of ARD Management Plans

Table 9-2: Technical Disciplines Involved in the Development of an ARD Management Plan

Table 9-3: FMEA Outcomes Combining Likelihood of Failure and Consequences

Table 9-4: Monitoring and Performance Assessment of Success

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List of Figures

Figure 9-1: Flowchart for Performance Assessment and Management Review

Figure 9-2: Hierarchy of Management Tools

Figure 9-3: Open Pit Bench Plan Developed During the Feasibility Phase of a Mine Project

Figure 9-4: Overall Segregation of Various Waste Rock Units Based on their ARD Potential and Physical Characteristics

Figure 9-5: Typical Environmental Management Model

Figure 9-6: The Cycle for Developing and Implementing ARD Management Plans in each Life Cycle Stage

Figure 9-7: Mine Life Cycle Development and Implementation of ARD Management Plans

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10.0 Acid Rock Drainage Communication and Consulting

List of Tables

Table 10-1: Assessment Tool: Indicators of Negative Engagement with Stakeholders

Table 10-2: Sources with More Information on Principles, Approaches, and Techniques for Communication and Consultation with Stakeholders

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List of Figures

Figure 10-1: Chapter 10 Layout/Road Map

Figure 10-2: Types of stakeholder engagement and the intensity with which people are engaged (IFC, 2007). Engagement with stakeholders about an ARD situation under different scenarios is indicated on the figure

Figure 10-3: IAP2’s Public Participation Spectrum

Figure 10-4: A notice board in a mining community in Ghana where materials are on permanent display. ARD monitoring results can be displayed in this way, and constantly updated to show progress

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Figures

1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

List of Figures

2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

List of Tables

List of Figures

3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

List of Tables

List of Figures

4.0 Defining the Problem – Characterization

List of Tables

List of Figures

5.0 Prediction

List of Tables

List of Figures

6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

List of Tables

List of Figures

7.0 Drainage Treatment

List of Tables

List of Figures

8.0 Monitoring

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Photos

9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Performance Assessment

List of Tables

List of Figures

10.0 Acid Rock Drainage Communication and Consulting

List of Tables

List of Figures

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