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1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Acid Rock Drainage
1.2 Acid Rock Drainage Management – The Business Case
1.3 Scope and Objectives of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.3.1 Scope
1.3.2 Objectives
1.4 Relation to Other Guides
1.5 Approach of the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.6 Application to Mine Phase
1.7 The Sustainable Development Approach
1.8 Layout and How to Use the Guide
1.8.1 Layout
1.8.2 How to Use the Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide
1.9 Chapter References
List of Figures
List of Appendices

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.1 Definition of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.2.2 Natural vs Anthropogenic Drainage
2.3 History of Acid Rock Drainage
2.4 The Acid Generation Process
2.4.1 Characteristics of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
2.4.2 The Global and Geochemical Sulphur Cycles
2.4.3 Acid Rock Drainage Sources
2.4.4 The Sulphide Oxidation Process
2.4.5 Reaction Products from Sulphide Oxidation
2.4.6 Neutralization Reactions
2.4.7 The Acid Rock Drainage Process and Migration
2.4.7.1 Factors directly involved in rate of sulphide oxidation
2.4.7.2 Factors that modify drainage resulting from sulphide oxidation
2.4.7.3 Receiving environment
2.5 Concluding Statement
2.6 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

3.1 Framework for Management of Acid Rock Drainage
3.2 Corporate Guidance
3.2.1 Newmont
3.2.2 Rio Tinto
3.2.3 Relationship to Other Requirements and Issues
3.3 Sustainability and Community Considerations
3.4 Global Regulatory Guidance
3.5 Country Regulatory Guidance
3.5.1 Commonalities in the Regulatory Regimes
3.5.2 United States of America and its States
3.5.3 Canada and its Provinces and Territories
3.5.4 Australia, its States and Territories
3.5.5 European Union (EU)
3.5.6 South Africa
3.5.7 New Zealand
3.5.8 Brazil
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.6 Risk Considerations
3.6.1 Establish the Context (Step 1)
3.6.2 Identify the Risks (Step 2)
3.6.3 Analyze the Risk (Step 3)
3.6.4 Assessment and Prioritization of Risk (Step 4)
3.6.5 Risk Management (Treat the Risk) (Step 5)
3.6.6 Review and Monitor (Step 6)
3.6.7 Risk Priorities
3.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures


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4.0 Defining The Problem – Characterization

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Site Characterization Approach
4.2.1 Conceptual Site Model Development
4.2.2 Mine Phases
4.2.2.1 Exploration Phase
4.2.2.2 Mine Planning Phase
4.2.2.3 Construction and Commissioning Phase
4.2.2.4 Operational Phase
4.2.2.5 Decommissioning Phase
4.2.2.6 Post-Closure Phase
4.3 Sources of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage
4.3.1 Surface Mining – Open Pit
4.3.2 Underground Mining
4.3.3 Waste Rock and Ore Stockpiles
4.3.4 Tailings Piles and Ponds
4.3.5 In Situ Solution Mines
4.3.6 Heap Leach Piles
4.3.7 Coal and Uranium Mining Specific Acid Rock Drainage Sources
4.4 Components of Site Characterization
4.4.1 Geo-environmental Models
4.4.2 Source Material Geochemical Characterization
4.4.2.1 Laboratory and Field Testing
4.4.2.2 Sample Selection
4.4.2.3 Number of Samples Required
4.4.3 Watershed Characterization – The Hydrologic Cycle
4.4.3.1 Climate
4.4.3.2 Hydrology
4.4.3.3 Hydrogeology
4.4.3.4 Site Wide Water Balance
4.4.4 Watershed Characterization - Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Environment
4.4.5 Watershed Characterization – Biological Receptors
4.4.6 Watershed Characterization – Archaeology and Cultural Value
4.5 Selected Characterization Tools
4.5.1 Geophysics
4.5.1.1 Introduction
4.5.1.2 Remote Sensing
4.6 Summary
4.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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5.0 Prediction

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Objectives of Prediction Program
5.3 The Acid Rock Drainage Prediction Approach
5.3.1 Acid Rock Drainage/Metal Leaching Characterization
5.3.2 Description of Phases
5.3.2.1 Initial Exploration/Site Reconnaissance Phase
5.3.2.2 Advanced Exploration/Detailed Site Investigation Phase
5.3.2.3 Prefeasibility Phase
5.3.2.4 Feasibility and Permitting Phase
5.3.2.5 Implementation Phase
5.3.3 Water Quality Prediction
5.4 Prediction Tools
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Geological and Lithological Investigations
5.4.3 Hydrogeological/Hydrological Investigations
5.4.4 Geochemical Testing Methods
5.4.4.1 Introduction to Geochemical Characterization Program
5.4.4.2 Summary of Testing Requirements
5.4.4.3 Physical Characteristics
5.4.4.4 Chemical Characteristics
5.4.4.5 Mineralogical Characteristics
5.4.4.6 Laboratory Static Methods
5.4.4.7 Laboratory Kinetic Methods
5.4.4.8 Field Methods
5.4.5 Data Management
5.4.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control
5.4.7 Screening and Evaluation Criteria
5.4.8 Reporting
5.5 Modeling of Acid Rock Drainage, Neutral Mine Drainage, and Saline Drainage for Characterization and Remediation
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Geochemical Modeling
5.5.3 Hydrological Modeling
5.5.4 Hydrogeological Modeling
5.5.5 Gas Transport Modeling
5.5.6 Statistical Evaluation
5.6 Conclusions
5.7 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Goals and Objectives of Prevention and Mitigation
6.3 Approach to Acid Rock Drainage Prevention and Mitigation
6.4 Drivers of Acid Rock Drainage
6.4.1 Physical Factors
6.4.2 Geochemical Weathering Processes
6.4.3 Climate and Physical Environment
6.5 Phased Approach
6.6 Overview of Best Practice Methods
6.6.1 Avoidance
6.6.2 Re-mining
6.6.3 Special Handling Methods
6.6.3.1 Incorporation in Mine Plan
6.6.3.2 Segregation
6.6.3.3 Tailings Desulphurization
6.6.3.4 Compaction and Physical Tailings Conditioning
6.6.3.5 Encapsulation and Layering
6.6.3.6 Blending
6.6.3.7 Co-disposal
6.6.3.8 Permafrost and Freezing
6.6.4 Additions and Amendment Methods
6.6.4.1 Passivation
6.6.4.2 Alkaline materials
6.6.4.3 Use of Organic Matter
6.6.4.4 Bactericides 19
6.6.5 Water Management Methods
6.6.5.1 Hydrogeological and Hydrodynamic Controls
6.6.5.2 Dewatering
6.6.5.3 Diversion
6.6.5.4 Flooding
6.6.5.5 Seals
6.6.6 Liners
6.6.7 Dry Cover Methods
6.6.7.1 Soil Covers
6.6.7.2 Alkaline Covers
6.6.7.3 Organic Covers
6.6.7.4 Covers of sulphide-bearing but net neutralizing materials
6.6.7.5 Synthetic Covers
6.6.7.6 Gas Barriers
6.6.7.7 Vegetation
6.6.7.8 Landform Design
6.6.8 Water Cover Methods
6.6.8.1 Subaqueous Disposal
6.6.8.2 Partial Water Cover
6.6.8.3 Wetland covers
6.6.8.4 Attenuation
6.6.8.5 Stream Flow Regulation
6.6.8.6 Water recycle and reuse
6.7 Secondary Impacts
6.8 Selection and Evaluation of Alternatives
6.9 Design and Construction Considerations
6.10 Maintenance and Monitoring Considerations
6.11 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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7.0 Chapter 7: Drainage Treatment (Andre Van Niekerk)

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Objectives of Drainage Treatment
7.3 The ARD Treatment Approach
7.4 Mine Drainage Collection
7.5 Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.5.1 Active Treatment
7.5.2 Passive treatment technologies
7.5.3 Treatment residues and wastes
7.6 Recovery of useful products
7.7 Evaluation and Selection of Drainage Treatment Technologies
7.8 Frequently asked Questions
7.9 References

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8.0 Chapter 8: Monitoring (Peter Chapman)

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objectives of Monitoring
8.3 The ARD Monitoring Approach
8.3.1 Risk Based Framework
8.3.2 Monitoring Components
8.4 Problem Formulation
8.4.1 Site Definition
8.4.2 Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPCs)
8.4.3 Receptors of Potential Concern (ROPCs)
8.4.4 Assessment and Measurement Endpoints
8.4.5 Reference Areas/Locations
8.4.6 Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
8.4.7 Risk Hypotheses
8.4.8 Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP)
8.5 Overview of Monitoring Approaches
8.5.1 Implementation Considerations
8.5.1.1 Health and Safety
8.5.1.2 Freshwater, Estuarine and Saline Receiving Environments
8.5.1.3 Source/Near-Field/Far-Field Monitoring
8.5.2 Discharge monitoring
8.5.3 Reference Comparisons
8.5.3.1 Upstream-Downstream
8.5.3.2 Gradient Monitoring Design
8.5.3.3 Reference Condition Design
8.5.4 Exposure Assessment
8.5.4.1 Data Collection
8.5.4.2 Comparison to Chemical Guidelines
8.5.4.3 Mercury Biomagnification
8.5.4.4 Environmental Fate
8.5.5 Effects Assessment
8.5.5.1 Bioavailability
8.5.5.2 Toxicity Testing
8.5.5.3 Resident Community Structure Alteration
8.5.5.4 Investigation of Causation
8.5.5.5 The Value of Integrated Assessments
8.5.6 Risk Characterisation
8.5.7 Uncertainty
8.5.8 Monitoring and Management
8.6 Monitoring Specifics
8.6.1 Sampling
8.6.2 Analysis
8.6.3 QAQC Considerations
8.6.3.1 Data Generation and Acquisition
8.6.3.2 Data Management
8.6.3.3 Data Verification, Validation and Usability
8.6.3.4 Performance Assessment and Oversight
8.7 ARD Monitoring FAQ's
8.8 References

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9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Peformance Assessment

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Developing Acid Rock Drainage Management Plans
9.2.1 Sustainability Considerations
9.2.2 Mine Life Cycle Considerations
9.2.3 Acid Rock Drainage Control – a Multidisciplinary Task
9.2.4 ARD Maturity and the Mine-Life Cycle
9.2.5 Design for Closure
9.2.6 Engineering Design Process
9.2.6.1 Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Option
9.2.7 Risk Assessment, Management, and Contingency Plans
9.2.8 Monitoring Performance and Assessment of Success
9.3 Implementing the Acid Rock Drainage Management Plan
9.3.1 Integrating Acid Rock Drainage Management into Mine and Process Operations
9.3.2 Management System Roles and Responsibilities
9.4 Long-Term Considerations
9.4.1 Design Horizon
9.4.2 Long-Term Resources
9.4.3 Information/Institutional Knowledge Retention
9.4.4 Changing Standards/Stakeholder Needs and Expectations
9.5 References
List of Tables
List of Figures

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10.0 Chapter 10: ARD Communication and Consultation (Tisha Greyling)

10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Business Case For Stakeholder Engagement
10.2.1 Corporate social risk and consequences
10.2.2 Benefits of good stakeholder engagement
10.2.3 The role of regulatory and other requirements
10.2.4 In-country laws
10.2.5 International conventions, guidelines and standards
10.2.6 Lenders’ requirements
10.3 Objectives Of Stakeholder Engagement
10.4 Good-Practice Principles And Approaches
10.4.1 Key principles and approaches
10.4.2 Identify stakeholders
10.4.3 Other principles
10.5 Effective Engagement
10.5.1 Within Companies
10.5.2 With Regulators
10.5.3 With Communities
10.5.4 With other stakeholders
10.5.5 Communication and Consultation by Regulators and Communities
10.6 Stakeholder Engagement For Each Mining Phase
10.6.1 Exploration
10.6.2 Assessment
10.6.3 Design
10.6.4 Construction
10.6.5 Operation
10.6.6 Closure and post-closure
10.7 Time, Resources and Costs
10.8 Roles And Responsibilities
10.8.1 The mining company
10.8.2 Government
10.8.3 Stakeholders
10.9 Evaluation and Reporting
10.9.1 Record-keeping
10.9.2 Evaluation
10.9.3 Reporting to neighbors and in-country stakeholders
10.9.4 Reporting internationally
10.10 FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
10.11 References

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11.0 Chapter 11: ARD Management & Sustainability Framework (Beth Beloff)

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Developing Industry, Regulatory and Community Approaches
11.3 Ongoing Research
11.4 Conferences and Training
11.5 ARD Technology FAQ's

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12.0 References

Appendices

Appendix A Title
Acronyms
Glossary
Units and Conversion Factors
General Further Reading
Case Studies Listing
ARD Consultant Terms of Reference

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