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===9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Performance Assessment===
===List of Tables===
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===List of Figures===
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Revision as of 04:56, 7 February 2009

1.0 The Global Acid Rock Drainage Guide

List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Types of Drainage Produced by Sulphide Mineral Oxidation
Figure 1-2: Overall ARD Management Plan
Figure 1-3: Applying an Environmental Management System to ARD

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2.0 The Acid Rock Drainage Process

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Common Sulphides Known or Inferred to GenerateAcid when Oxidized (Plumlee, 1999)
Table 2-2: Typical NP Values and pH Buffering Ranges for Some Common Minerals (Jambor, 2003; Blowes et al., 2003; BCAMDTF, 1989)

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Roman Portal with Acid Rock Drainage – Spain
Figure 2-2: Generalized Conceptual Model of Sources, Pathways and Receiving Environment at a Mine or Processing Site
Figure 2-3: Ficklin Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Dissolved Base Metal Concentrations (Plumlee et al., 1999)
Figure 2-4: Diagram Showing ARD, NMD, and SD as a Function of Sulphate Concentrations
Figure 2-5: Ficklin Diagram Showing Selected Principles that Govern Mine Water Quality (Plumlee et al., 1999)
Figure 2-6: The Global Sulphur Cycle (Stumm and Morgan, 1996). Global Fluxes in Millions Tons of Sulphur per Year and Inventories in Millions Tons of Sulphur
Figure 2-7: The Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle
Figure 2-8: Model for the Oxidation of Pyrite (Stumm and Morgan, 1981). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Section 2.6.4)
Figure 2-9: Schematic Illustration of Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates with and without Bacterial Mediation (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)
Figure 2-10: Stages in the Formation of ARD (Broughton and Robertson, 1992). (The numbers in brackets refer to the reactions presented in Chapter 2.6.4.)
Figure 2-11: Schematic Illustration of Factors that Affect Sulphide Oxidation and Modify Mine Drainage during Transport
Figure 2-12: Schematic Illustration of the Effect of Temperature on Normalized Sulphide Oxidation Rates (Robertson and Broughton, 1992)
Figure 2-13: Two-Stage Process for Pyrite Oxidation in a Tailings Impoundment (Wunderly et al., 1996)

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3.0 Corporate, Regulatory, and Community Framework

List of Tables

Table 3-1 : Risk Management Procedure for Mine Sites (modified from Lee, 1999)
Table 3-2: Integrating Risk Approach into ARD/ML Management

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List of Figures

Figure 3-1: Framework for ARD management
Figure 3-2: Hierarchical relationship between Global, National and Local Elements of the Framework
Figure 3-3: Conceptual ARD Management Framework
Figure 3-4: Sustainable Development Balance

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4.0 Defining the Problem – Characterization

List of Tables

Table 4-1: Mine Phase Objectives and Activities
Table 4-2: Characterization Activities by Mine Phase
Table 4-3: Source Material Characterization Activities by Mine Phase
Table 4-4: Geologic Characteristics of Mineral Deposits that Affect Their Environmental Signatures (Plumlee, 1999)
Table 4-5: Australian Guidance on Sample Numbers (Australian Government Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 2007)

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List of Figures

Figure 4-1: Components of Site Characterization Program
Figure 4-2: Characterization Chapter Road Map
Figure 4-3: Typical Data Requirements of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
Figure 4-4: Example Conceptual Site Model Schematic
Figure 4-5: Major Steps Involved in Extraction Metallurgy of Metals
Figure 4-6: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Pit during Operation and Closure
Figure 4-7: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in Underground Workings during Operation and Closure
Figure 4-8: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Waste Rock Pile
Figure 4-9: Sources and Pathways of ARD, NMD, and SD in a Subaqueous Tailings Storage Facility
Figure 4-10: Source Material Geochemical Testing Program Components
Figure 4-11: Water Balance Box and Arrow Diagram

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5.0 Prediction

List of Tables

Table 5-1: Methods for Geochemical Characterization
Table 5-2: Geologists Observations and Logging of Core for ARD Analysis
Table 5-3: Example Chemistry Table
Table 5-4: Example ABA

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List of Figures

Figure 5-1: Generic Prediction Program Flowchart
Figure 5-2: Generalized Flowchart for the ARD Prediction Approach at Mine Sites (Maest and Kuipers, 2005)
Figure 5-3: Conceptual Model Showing Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River
Figure 5-4: Flowchart for Metal and Acid Source Regions at Iron Mountain and Downstream Transport Pathways to the Sacramento River
Figure 5-5: Schematic Illustration of Geochemical Characterization Program (modified from Maest and Kuipers, 2005)
Figure 5-6: Example Plot of NP from Total Carbon vs. NP from Modified Sobek
Figure 5-7: Example Plot of Total Sulphur vs. Sulphide Sulphur
Figure 5-8: Example Plot of ABA vs. NAG Results
Figure 5-9: Example Plot of Metal Loadings vs. Sulphate Content
Figure 5-10: Humidity Cells
Figure 5-11: Example Plot of HCT Results
Figure 5-12: Wall Washing
Figure 5-13: Test Cells for Waste Rock
Figure 5-14: Test Plot for Paste Tailings – Somincor Neves Corvo Mine, Portugal
Figure 5-15: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Highwall Above Final Pit lake
Figure 5-16: Example of Block Model Use: ARD Potential of Pit Wall after Cessation of Mining
Figure 5-17: Decision Tree for the Determination of Acid Generation Potential (AMIRA, 2002)
Figure 5-18: Example Plot of ABA Results and ARD Criteria
Figure 5-19: Generalised Model Process

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6.0 Prevention And Mitigation

List of Tables

Table 6-1: Forms of Codisposal
Table 6-2: Benefits and Considerations of Codisposal
Table 6-3: Benefits and Limitations of Alkaline Amendments
Table 6-4: Considerations and Limitations of Soil Covers
Table 6-5: Benefits and Disadvantages of Synthetic Covers
Table 6-6: Some Considerations for Subaqueous Disposal
Table 6-7: Summary of Prevention and Mitigative Measures and Climate Considerations

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List of Figures

Figure 6-1: Options and Effectiveness with Time (TEAM NT, 2004)
Figure 6-2: Waste Rock Pile Structure and Processes (Wilson, 2008b)
Figure 6-3: Adaptive Management Implementation by Phased Approach
Figure 6-4: Methods for Prevention and Mitigation of ARD
Figure 6-5: Coefficient of Diffusion versus Degree of Saturation for Saturated Porous Media
Figure 6-6: Example Waste Rock Encapsulation Strategy
Figure 6-7: Covers and Climate Types (from Holdridge et al., 1971)
Figure 6-8: Sample Soil Covers Designs (MEND, 2001)
Figure 6-9: Sample Configurations of Synthetics in Soil Covers
Figure 6-10: Subaqueous Tailings Disposal
Figure 6-11: Water Cover Processes
Figure 6-12: Prevention and Mitigation Evaluation of Alternatives
Figure 6-13: Comparative Costs for Barrier Cover (CCBE), Complete and Partial Desulphuriztion and Water Cover. (Bussiere and Wilson, 2006)

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7.0 Drainage Treatment

List of Tables

Table 7-1: Qualitative Comparison of Different Categories of Treatment
Table 7-2: Alkali Materials and Compounds Applied to ARD Treatment
Table 7-3: Comparative Table Different HDS Process Configurations
Table 7-4: Selection Criteria for Lime Neutralization Processes
Table 7-5: Theoretical Minimum Metal Hydroxide Solubility pH
Table 7-6: Criteria for Selecting an Appropriate Mine-Water Treatment Desalination Technology
Table 7-7: Generic Categories of Passive Treatment Systems
Table 7-8: Postulated Removal Mechanisms of Metals and Mining-related Pollutants in Passive Treatment Systems

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List of Figures

Figure 7-1: Generic Mine Water System Indicating Potential Position for a Drainage Treatment Facility
Figure 7-2: Generic Range of Drainage Treatment Technologies
Figure 7-3: Basic HDS Process Configuration
Figure 7-4: Integrated Limestone / Lime Neutralization Process
Figure 7-5: Simplified Ettringite Precipitation Process Diagram
Figure 7-6: Conceptual High Recovery Membrane Desalination Process
Figure 7-7: Concept SPARRO Process Flow Diagram
Figure 7-8: Conceptual GYPCIX®ion Exchange Treatment Process
Figure 7-9: Generic Biological Sulphate Removal Process Configuration
Figure 7-10: Selection of Passive Treatment Technology Chart

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8.0 Monitoring

List of Tables

Table 8-1: Monitoring Sources, Pathways, and Receptors
Table 8-2: Common ARD Monitoring Components
Table 8-3: Preliminary Intensive Sampling Program
Table 8-4: Impact Assessment Sampling Location Designs
Table 8-5: Monitoring Activity Standard Operating Procedures
Table 8-6: Components of Waste Rock Pile Monitoring Program
Table 8-7: Components of Tailings Storage Facility Monitoring Program
Table 8-8: Aquatic Habitat Information Requirements for Biological Monitoring

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List of Figures

Figure 8-1: Monitoring Chapter Organization
Figure 8-2: Steps in the Development of an ARD Monitoring Program
Figure 8-3: Conceptual Risk-Based Approach - Relationships Between the Contaminant Source the Receptor and the Pathway that Connects them
Figure 8-4: Waste Stockpile Seepage Water Quality Hysteresis
Figure 8-5: Waste Rock Seepage Water Quality Trends (pH, Alkalinity, SO4, Cu, and Zn)
Figure 8-6: Spring Thaw Stream Concentration and Loading Trends (March 23 to June 22)
Figure 8-7: Solute Transport and Thermal Stratification in Lakes
Figure 8-8: Steps in the Development of a Biological Monitoring Program

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List of Photos

Photo 8-1: Collection of a Wall Washing Sample from a Pit Face
Photo 8-2: Waste Rock Lysimeter in an Arid Climate
Photo 8-3: Stream Discharge Monitoring Using a Current Meter
Photo 8-4: Benthic Macroinvertebrate
Photo 8-5: Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling with a Hess Sampler
Photo 8-6: Fish Survey Using Nets

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9.0 Acid Rock Drainage Management and Performance Assessment

List of Tables

Table 9-1: Mine Life Cycle Considerations for the Development of ARD Management Plans
Table 9-2: Technical Disciplines Involved in the Development of an ARD Management Plan
Table 9-3: FMEA Outcomes Combining Likelihood of Failure and Consequences
Table 9-4: Monitoring and Performance Assessment of Success

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List of Figures

Figure 9-1: Flowchart for Performance Assessment and Management Review
Figure 9-2: Hierarchy of Management Tools
Figure 9-3: Open Pit Bench Plan Developed During the Feasibility Phase of a Mine Project
Figure 9-4: Overall Segregation of Various Waste Rock Units Based on their ARD Potential and Physical Characteristics
Figure 9-5: Typical Environmental Management Model
Figure 9-6: The Cycle for Developing and Implementing ARD Management Plans in each Life Cycle Stage
Figure 9-7: Mine Life Cycle Development and Implementation of ARD Management Plans

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